Probiotics as defense against nosema?

[baithe]

Originally Posted by NW IN Beekeeper

[...unfortunately the only one specifically mentioned.]

Probably FORTUNATELY!

Seems MAN reads one article and implies he has to tinker with it to make things BETTER. But nature is a BALANCE that man's feeble mind tends to not completely comprehend.

MAN tries to make everything fit his understanding instead of being how it actually is.

Even within this conversation, MAN is trying to force an improvement on digestion and infection with the ASSUMPTION that the digestive systems work the same for bees as it does in man.

While we need bacteria to complete digestion of some food, the same is not true for bees. While some bacteria may hold beneficial properties by holding down some infections, more is not always better. In fact, while the bacteria maybe beneficial, it does not imply it is NECESSARY for their survival.

The treatment of pollen with lacto-bacillus isn't for digestive improvement, but for long term storage. Fortunately, certain enzymes arise from the process that do greatly improve honeybee health.

The best proactive natural defense you can provide your bees is making adequate quality forage available as much of the year as possible. In doing so, the bees limited immune system will cleanse much of the disease on its own. Good nutrition results in the fastest healing from disease or injury.

The second necessary thing is as BuckBee said, keeping good husbandry practices like avoiding excessive cold, dampness, or draft (all issues of stress that compromise the immune system). Includes with keeping a quality environment is protection from parasites such as mites and beetles.
Bees depend on YOU for their placement because YOU take that choice away from them by placing them where YOU want them. That's a lot of responsibility.

Along with BuckBee's comment and my rant about human placement of colonies, is the matter of house keeping. By buying or capturing bees and putting them in boxes of YOUR choice, you have to be sure that you are providing a healthy home. I find very few people that know what it takes to properly sanitize equipment. Not every disease requires the same method, and no one method is universal for every disease (though a few come close).

Read, study, observe and let nature do its thing.
Intervene where you have created the responsibility to react.
Stop assuming the bees need more chemicals from you to survive.

I do not blindly comment on these issues.
I too once did not understand and violated these conditions and suffered the consequences.
But you too can learn and advance yourself into being a better beekeeper.
Your bees will greatly appreciate it.

Whoa, friend. For the most part, I am in agreement with you. Certainly, as stewards of the earth, man has done a great deal from ignorance, rather than knowledge, and has seriously messed things up in the process. And I am doing exactly as you say - reading, studying, observing and asking questions. I'm just waiting for the snow to melt to plant clover and birdsfoot trefoil seeds for bee pasture. I don't actually have any bees yet, a complete novice, expecting my first packages in April. It is my intention to provide as natural an environment for them as possible, which is partly what prompted my question. One of my greatest concerns at the moment is that they will arrive before there is good pollen and nectar here, and so I'll have to feed them - something which completely goes against the grain to me.

One thing I've gleaned from my studies is that many of the problems bees are currently faced with seem to be the result of irresponsible beekeeping practices, and I share your frustration. Nevertheless, the very premise of beekeeping in this country with any species other than native ones is artificial because by and large, kept bees are imported. By definition, they are not in their natural environment and will have struggles because of it.

You were very quick to ASSUME that I had made ASSUMPTIONS based on reading one article, and accused me of proposing to 'tinker' with things. Not so. I'm only asking. I do think, however, that the question of probiotics in bee nutrition is valid, particularly in light of what you said about lactobacillis being used in the storage of pollen, and the process producing enzymes which are beneficial to bee health. That's very interesting. It begs the question - is there ENOUGH lactobacillis to provide the balance for optimal health? If not, will good husbandry practices be enough to tip the balance in favor of the bees? It seems unlikely that enough people are going to give up pesticides and insecticides soon enough to have a meaningful impact at the rate bees are dying on a global scale.

You are absolutely right that we need to let nature do its thing. What must be remembered, though, is that MAN is also part of nature. In fact, nothing that has EVER been done has been outside the greater context of NATURE. It is within our potential - our nature - to properly intervene to correct our mistakes. It is axiomatic that if we are capable of getting it wrong, we're equally capable of getting it right. But let us act from love and knowledge, not anger and opinion.

[Michael Bush]

Here some probiotics that live in honey bees I found when searching:

Bifidobacterium animalis
Bifidobacterium asteroides
Bifidobacterium coryneforme
Bifidobacterium cuniculi
Bifidobacterium globosum
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus bifidus
Lactobacillus acidophilus

Serratia
Gluconacetobacter
IFlavirus
Bartonella sp.
Gluconacetobacter sp.
Simonsiella sp.
Gammaproteobacteria (class)
Pandora delphacis


Dicistroviridae Iflavirus ?

groups:
Bacteriocin
Enterococcusavium
Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and
Actinobacteria
Neisseria
Simonsiella
Saccharomycotina

Possibly pathogens
Entomophtorales/Entomphthoromycotina
Mucorales/Mucoromycotina
Mucor hiemalis

didn't turn up on a search on this and honeybee, but turned up on a paper.
Lactobacillus cellobiosum



microflora of honeybees
bacteria and fungi in the gut of honeybees


http://www.ingentaconnect.com/conten...e?format=print


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science...b819e786e87ee0

"Bifidobacterium (Gram-positive eubacteria), Lactobacillus (Gram-positive eubacteria), and Gluconacetobacter (Gram-negative a-proteobacteria); two sequences each clustered with Simonsiella (ß-proteobacteria) and Serratia (?-proteobacteria); and three sequences each clustered with Bartonella (a-proteobacteria). "

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science...1faf4c34d5758d

Oxytetracycline as a predisposing condition for chalkbrood in honeybee

"Antibiotics, particularly oxytetracycline, have been discussed as a possible predisposing condition in the appearance of chalkbrood in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Nevertheless, the scientific data to support this belief have been insufficient. We have developed a method to study the effects of this antibiotic as a predisposing factor under different circumstances. We conclude that oxytetracycline does not increase the risk of chalkbrood in susceptible worker brood in the short or mid-term."

" ... use of antibiotics in the
honeybee can upset the balance of intestinal microflora, favoring the ..."


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/en...&dopt=Citation


http://www.pollinator.org/Resources/...07_Science.pdf

"The gut lumen contains the majority of microorganisms in most insects"

http://web.uniud.it/eurbee/Proceedings/Diseases.pdf

"During a study aimed to characterize the intestinal microflora of honeybee larvae
and adults, we found that some lactic acid bacteria inhibit in vitro the growth of these
pathogens. These bacteria, belong to the genus Lactobacillus, are normal inhabitants of
the gut of honeybees and are GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe).
Strains of this genus have been shown to have important metabolic and protective
functions in the gastrointestinal tract, interfering with enteric pathogens and
maintaining a healthy intestinal microflora."


http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi...1997.tb12678.x

"Emerging adult bees acquire intestinal microflora by food exchange with other bees in the colony and through consumption of pollen. Biochemical contributions of microorganisms to honey bees; the role of microorganisms in the conversion, enhancement, and preservation of pollen stored as bee bread in comb cells; and the production of antimycotic substances by molds and Bacillus spp. from honey bee colonies that are resistant to the fungal disease, chalkbrood, are discussed. An association of Bacillus spp. with bees including honey bees, stingless bees, and solitary bees from tropical and temperate zones appears to have evolved in which female bees inoculate food sources with these bacteria whose chemical products contribute to the elaboration and/or protection from spoilage of food that is stored in the nest."



http://iussi.confex.com/iussi/2006/t...gram/P1982.HTM

Age-dependent changes in intestinal microflora of honeybee

"Remi Kasahara1, Jun Nakamura2, Yoshikazu Koizumi3, Ayako Mitsui3, and Masami Sasaki4. (1) Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, 1948610, Japan, (2) Honeybee Science Research Center, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan, (3) Environmental Engineering Center Co., Ltd., Machida, Tokyo, 1948610, Japan, (4) Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, 1948610, Japan

The intestinal microflora of honeybee was investigated by means of the PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) method based on the sequence-specific separation of PCR-derived rRNA gene amplicon, which have proven useful in analyses of wide ranged studies in microbial ecology. Entire intestinal contents of adult honeybees were removed with gut wall under sterile conditions and the whole genomic DNA was isolated. PCR was used to amplify 16S rRNA genes from the DNA with a set of bacterial specific GC-338F and universal primers. The former one contains a 40 base GC-rich sequence at the 5’-end. The result of DGGE profiles and the DNA sequence analyses confirmed that the intestinal microflora had already existed in the newly emerged workers (day 0), however, it was very simple at day 0 and consisted of only one or two common bacteria. The DNA sequence of one of those showed the homology to Lactobacillus alvei strain 1G2 with 97% similarity. Then the microflora tended to be complex with age, and in the foragers, the composition of bacteria was varied besides the several common ones. The age dependent changes in higher diversity of the intestinal microflora in foragers are probably due to the higher accessibility to the sources of bacteria, namely foods, nestmates, combs, and outside food sources. We discuss the effects of nutritional status and trophallaxis with other nestmates on the individual intestinal microflora, as well as the effects of season, location and food sources on the colony level intestinal microflora."



http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/70/10/6197

"The genus Bifidobacterium includes gram-positive, pleomorphic, and strictly anaerobic bacteria, which are major constituents of the intestinal microflora of humans, of other warm-blooded animals, and even of honeybees"


http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/art...?&artid=154539

"The other probe, BAN, was able to detect a group of Bifidobacterium species isolated exclusively from blood-warm animals and honeybees (B. animalis, B. asteroides, B. coryneforme, B. cuniculi, and B. globosum), as well as two species isolated from sewage of uncertain origin (B. minimum and B. subtile)"

http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/19/1/12

"It is the subject of some speculation and debate as to when organisms currently in the genus Hafnia were first isolated. In 1919, L. Bahr worked on a bacterium that he designated "Bacillus paratyphi-alvei," an organism reputedly pathogenic for bees but not mice or guinea pigs (121). One of Bahr's apparently authentic "Bacillus paratyphi-alvei" strains (referred to as "Paratyphus alvei") was subsequently characterized in 1954 as belonging to a new group of enteric bacteria for which Møller coined the name "Hafnia group" during a systematic investigation of amino acid decarboxylase patterns among members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (89). Some groups subsequently questioned the legitimacy of this name in light of the fact that Bahr's strains differed in some biochemical characteristics from those described by Møller. However, Møller considered that Bahr's strain should be regarded as the type species of Hafnia, and he suggested the name Hafnia alvei."


"The specific epithet in the name Hafnia alvei is derived from the Latin noun alveus, meaning beehive, with "alvei" meaning "of a beehive." Ewing (33) questioned the epithet "alvei," stating that the name implied that these bacteria had something to do with bees or beehives although they did not. However, H. alvei has been recovered on occasion from the intestines of honeybees (Apis mellifera) as well as from honey, and several of these strains are included in the BCCM (Brussels, Belgium) collection (125)."


Need to checkout:
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu70Znj...esIndBookG.htm

www.geocities.com/beesind/BeesIndBookK.htm

ibscore.dbs.umt.edu/journal/Articles_all/1999/groves.htm



http://www.beeculture.com/content/Ne...Scientists.pdf

"The bacterial sequences were those normally found in bees worldwide,
analyzed by Nancy A. Moran, the Regents' professor of ecology and
evolutionary biology, University of Arizona, and colleagues and Jay
Evans, research entomologist, Bee Research Laboratory, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and
colleagues."

""The bacteria found were the same as those found in two previous
studies from two different parts of the world at two different times,"
says CoxFoster.
"They represent mutualistic or symbiotic relationships
with the bees, similar to those of humans and the bacteria found in the
human gut.""

"Researchers including Lipkin and Diana CoxFoster,
entomology
professor at Pennsylvania State University, and colleagues have taken
a new approach to investigating infectious disease outbreaks. To find
the cause of CCD they used a rapid genome sequencing technique
called pyrosequencing to catalogue the entire variety of
microorganisms that honey bees harbor. After comparing their
sequences with known sequences held in public databases, they
identified symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses found
in both healthy and CCDafflicted
colonies."

"While unquestionably it is important to identify the cause of CCD, this
total genetic study of bees and their fellow travelers also may lead to a
better understanding of other disease causing agents in the population
and to an understanding of the beneficial organisms that reside within
the bee."

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archiv...8/bees0898.htm

"Helpful microbes that live in the hives, stored food, and bodies of healthy honey bees enhance many aspects of bee life. Some of the microorganisms produce antibiotics that might hold the key to protecting tomorrow's domesticated honey bees from one of their worst enemies --the harmful Ascosphaera apis fungus that causes chalkbrood disease."

""A natural organism that's already known to occur in hives of healthyhoney bees,"says Agricultural Research Service microbiologist Martha A. Gilliam, "should be easier than a synthetic chemical to register with the federal government as a biological control for chalkbrood."Gilliam is with the ARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center in Tucson, Arizona."

http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/pub..._NO_115=187749

Title: ANTAGONISTIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HONEY BEE BACTERIAL SYMBIONTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASE.

"We survey colonies for additional resident bacteria species that directly inhibit the AFB bacterium. We report a large set of such bacteria and discuss how they might be involved in natural disease resistance. These beneficial bacteria also might be introduced to colonies as a means of controlling disease, providing a new tool for beekeepers in controlling this bacterium and reducing reliance on conventional antibiotics."

"Technical Abstract: Insects harbor diverse bacterial symbionts, many of which have strong effects on insect survival and reproduction. Facultatively symbiotic bacteria can affect insect nutrition, immuno-competence, and susceptibility to disease agents. Honey bees and other social insects maintain a diverse microbial biome within which inhibitory and mutualistic interactions are expected."


http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/pub..._NO_115=159450

"Technical Abstract: Honey bee larvae of four ages were exposed through feeding to spores of both a natural pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae larvae and to spores of a diverse set of non-pathogenic bacteria. Larvae responded by upregulating transcription of the gene encoding the antimicrobial peptide abaecin, both when exposed to the actual pathogen and to the probiotic mix. 1st-instar larvae responded significantly to the presence of the probiotic mix within 12 hours after exposure, a time when they remain highly susceptible to bacterial invasion. This response was sustained for two successive larval instars, eventually becoming 21-fold higher in larvae exposed to probiotic spores versus control larvae. The probiotic mix is therefore presented as a potential surrogate for assaying the immune responses of different honey bee lineages. It is also proposed that a dietary exposure to probiotic bacteria might help honey bee larvae, and other life stages, survive attacks from pathogens."


http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/sep2006/293.pdf

"These studies were carried out over three years and included different developmental stages. There
were substantial qualitative as well quantitative differences in the microbial types depending on the
species, developmental stage and the diet. Apis mellifera adults predominantly contained Lactobacilus
wheras larval SSCP patterns had a predominance of bands corresponding to Salmonella enterica var typhi,
uncultured Simonesiella and uncultured Serratia. This is presumably because the food source for forager
bees (honey and nectar) has a low pH of approximately 3.9 and lactobacilli can tolerate this pH. The pH of
larval gut is around 7 and is less favourable for Lactobacilli. On the other hand, the gut from the larvae of
solitary bee O. bicornis showed SSCP patterns quite different from the other two species, which could be
due to different social habit and also difference in development. The gut of this species opens during the
early development of the larvae whereas for the other two species it opens much later, just before pupation.
This would result in differences in physicochemical conditions and thus differences in the microbiota.
Despite these differences, the bacteria from the three different bee species refl ected clusters of highly
similar sequences even from specimens collected from different continents. Both larvae and adults of
A. mellifera contained sequences related to uncultured species of Simonsiella, Serratia, L. crispatus and
Gluconacetobacter. The bacteria could have either survived pupation or were inoculated through food
and/or mouth-to-mouth contact. Interestingly, these sequences, found in all three bee species, were also
reported in other two A. mellifera subspecies. The earlier study on A. mellifera sub-species in South Africa
showed that out of 10 unique 16S rRNA sequences, bacteria from six genera were shared in both subspecies
(Jeyaprakash et al 2003). Studies by Mohr and Tebbe (2006) retrieved 179 16S rRNA sequences, which
represented 68 phylotypes. Among these, the overlap was very high for fi ve genera and these may represent
bacterial species that are highly abundant and cosmopolitan, adapted to survival in the gut.
In summary, it appears that insect guts are reservoirs for a large variety of microbes. Many are poorly
characterized and considering the diversity of insects, there must be novel microbes awaiting discovery.
Our understanding of the biology of insects will be incomplete without a comprehensive understanding
of their gut microbes, as these have a signifi cant impact on various life processes of the hosts. While the
roles of endosymbionts like Wolbachia and Buchnera are better understood, not much is known about the
normal microbial community fl ora. Characterization of midgut microbes using molecular tools is the fi rst
step in understanding their role in insect biology. Application of genomics and proteomics would further
our understanding of their interaction. Genome sequencing projects of such bacteria are underway and
they will eventually help in defi ning the minimal essential genes required for the bacteria to multiply
and survive in insect gut. They will help in distinguishing transient from resident populations and in
understanding interactions between bacteria and their host insects at molecular level."


http://www.jesterbee.com/Beebread.html

Probiotic protein feed for Honey Bees


http://insects.suite101.com/article....ybee_parasites

Spores of Microsporea range in size from about three to six micrometers (a micrometer, or micron, is one one-thousandth of a millimeter), the size of many intestinal bacteria. Nosema apis spores are four to six micrometers long and two to four micrometers wide. They are marvelous organisms, perfectly designed for invading the intestinal cells of their hosts.

[NW IN Beekeeper]

M. Bush:

You have a brand new member with three (3) posts that asks a question.
In reply you throw a bunch of links and bunch of bacteria names.

You explain none of the links nor the bacteria.

It is plain rude to bury a new member (and the rest that care about the topic) in links and data that you do not explain.

We might as well popped the words in a search engine ourselves.
At least then the person has more options to chose what they feel they can comprehend, rather than feeling an obligation to your request to read your material which may not even apply to the original topic.

Honestly I don't think you understand the difference between a gram positive and a gram negative bacteria, let alone the metabolic benefits of half the good bacteria you listed. I see this as you bluffing knowledge.

You included fungi and infectious spores - those are not probiotic in nature - clearly a demonstrations that you are merely flooding us in an attempt to overwhelm and hope we stray from the topic.

Don't pretend to know, it only hurts the beekeeping community and doesn't help your respect.

[Tim Hall]

Hmmm...somebody is definitely being rude around here. I personally will enjoy going through the links provided by Mr. Bush, and appreciate his posting them. I actually did several searches on this topic yesterday and could not yield many good results. And as I said before, I think Baithe makes a fascinating proposal for discussion.

[BWrangler]

Hi Guys,

Just some rambling thoughts.

I know what including probiotics has done for me. And I know what it has done for others as well. I sure wouldn't have believed it if I hadn't experienced it for myself.

Let's see. The last prescription drug(antibiotic) I took was in 1986. And the only thing I've had since then has been a few aspirin(less than a dozen). But introducing probiotics has significantly improved my health, in a half dozen different areas.

Is there some magic compound in the kombucha? I think not. It's just alot of little things working together that enable one's body to get back on track. I think there's something endemic in the environment that messes up the delicate balances and relationships necessary for good health.

Maybe some of those essential creatures need to be re-introduced, from time to time. And our agricultural/processing interfere with that process, making the use of probiotics so profoundly effective.

If my health can get so far out of wack, I suspect a similar process could impact the honeybee's health. Honeybees are self-propelled, electrically charged, environmental samplers. And their broodnest is a chemical sink.

As Michael's post show, things aren't at simple as they seem, even with a creature as simple as a honeybee. The use of probiotics probably wouldn't introduce anything new into the honeybee's environment. But it sure might restore a few things man might have inadvertently taken out.

After my experience with small cell and then natural comb, I know how such seemly insignificant changes can significantly effect honeybee health. Inoculating a hive with probiotics would be exceedingly easy. It's a must do test for me.

Regards
Dennis

[Tim Hall]

I have to agree with Dennis' sentiments on this. Antibiotics are not the only thing antagonistic to microflora in our environment.

Whether it's a good idea or not, the approach has already been patented:

BIOLOGISTS `FIND CURE FOR HONEYBEES'; January 4, 2001; PA News; Emma Pearson

Dr Brian Dancer and Stuart Prince of Cardiff University's School of
Biosciences have, according to this story, discovered an antibiotic that
occurs naturally in beehives and could cure diseases currently scourging the
world's honeybee population.
They were further cited as saying this complex kills the bacteria that cause
both types of foulbrood disease that infects bees and their method has now
been patented by the university with Dr Dancer quoted as saying, "We
envisage that the spores of this 'natural' antibiotic will be fed to bees,
providing them with a protective microflora that could act either
prophylactically or as a treatment in disease outbreaks. Importantly,
because the protective bacteria are unmodified and are naturally derived
from the bee environment, such treatment can only serve to promote the
healthy image of honey and other bee products."

[Tim Hall]

Originally Posted by NW IN Beekeeper

M. Bush:
...You included fungi and infectious spores - those are not probiotic in nature...

The term "probiotics" from my understanding is a fairly new one, and more likely a marketing term than a scientific one. If "probiotics" relate only to bacteria, then I suppose you're technically correct. But I know without question certain mycological allies excrete compounds and create other competitive factors that can inhibit less-than-savory fungal guests. This sounds very pro-biotic to me.

[BWrangler]

Hi Guys,

I've put together a few thoughts about probiotics, bees and my personal experience at:

www.bwrangler.com/bee/npro.htm

Baithe, thanks for the idea. I wouldn't have put the two together by myself.

Traditionally, beekeepers have looked for life forms that can put the hurt on hive pests. But it's a neat twist to look for those that put health and resilience into the bees.

Regards
Dennis

[Tim Hall]

Dennis,

Thanks for putting together that page. I had also decided that I would seriously conduct some research and possibly experimentation into this matter using my more intuitive methods. I look forward to seeing more information appear on your site. I will likely also tack on a beekeeping page to my website...I will try to keep you all informed of my findings as well.

It occurred to me we could think of this symbiosis in another way. It's really no different than companion planting in your vegetable garden. In other words, if you are going to place bees out of context (in a man-made shelter, in a location they might not otherwise choose on their own, etc.) why not place natural microbial companions in that same context? Or at the very least maybe we should take a serious look at accommodating microflora if not directly introducing them.

[Michael Bush]

>I see this as you bluffing knowledge.

I am in the middle of trying to salvage a crashed computer. I simply posted my raw notes on the subject. I sorted through a LOT of links to come up with them and thought they might be a useful starting point for the discussion. I apologize. I will not share raw notes again.